The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors who, according to the Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, the benefactor of the prize, have produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction". It is one of the five Nobel Prizes that are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. Every year, the Swedish Academy sends out requests regularly for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Members of the Academy, members of literature academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel literature laureates, and the presidents of writers' organizations are all allowed to nominate a candidate. Nomination of oneself is not permitted. Despite the yearly invitations for nominations, there have been some years in which the prize was not conferred due to particular reasons (1914, 1918, 1935) and due to the outbreak of World War II (1940–1943). In addition, the prize has been delayed for a year seven times (1915, 1919, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1936, 1949). Records of nominations are strictly kept secret for 50 years until they are made publicly available. Currently, the nominations submitted from 1901 to 1975 are available. Between those years, there have been 881 writers from different parts of the world nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, 74 of whom were awarded the prize, including Albert Schweitzer and Elie Wiesel, who were awarded a Nobel Peace Prize on 1953 and 1986 respectively. Only 89 women had been nominated for the prize starting with Malwida von Meysenburg who was nominated once for the year 1901 and eight of them have been awarded after all. Only one literary society has been nominated, the Pali Text Society for the year 1916. Of the 881 revealed nominated writers, only the following are currently living: for 1967, the Ukrainian poet Lina Kostenko (born 1930) for 1969, the Finnish author Hannu Salama (born 1936) for 1973, the Indian writer Pratap Narayan Tandon (born 1935) for 1974, the Taiwanese poet Chen Min-hwa (born 1934). Though the following list consists of notable literary figures deemed worthy of the prize, there have been some celebrated writers who were not considered nor even nominated such as Anton Chekhov, Jules Verne, Machado de Assis, William James, Robert Hugh Benson, Franz Kafka, Fernando Pessoa, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Arthur Conan Doyle, Alexander Blok, Marcel Proust, Joseph Conrad, Rainer Maria Rilke, Federico García Lorca, Graciliano Ramos, Lu Xun, Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, Edmund Husserl, Georges Bataille, Antonio Machado, Francis Scott Fitzgerald, Isaac Babel, James Joyce, Alfred Döblin, Robert Musil, Ernst Bloch, Else Lasker-Schüler, Ernst Toller, Christopher Dawson, Virginia Woolf, C. S. Lewis, Simone Weil, E. E. Cummings, George Orwell, Galaktion Tabidze, Georges Bernanos, Mikhail Bulgakov, Dino Buzzati, Edith Hamilton, Stevie Smith, Dylan Thomas, John Berryman, J. D. Salinger, Richard Wright, Flannery O'Connor, Langston Hughes, Guimarães Rosa, Murilo Mendes, Manuel Bandeira, Jack Kerouac, Nancy Mitford, Rosario Castellanos, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Clarice Lispector, Hannah Arendt and Agatha Christie. Due to its size, this list has been split into two parts: List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature (1900–1999) List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature (2000–present) == Nominees by their first nomination == === 1901–1909 === === 1910–1919 === === 1920–1929 === === 1930–1939 === === 1940–1949 === === 1950–1959 === === 1960–1969 === === 1970–1975 === Nominees are published 50 years later so 1976 nominees should be published at the beginning of 2027. === Others === Despite the rule of keeping the nominations secret for 50 years, a number of literary organizations and academies revealed publicly their favored nominees. The following names, though verified and features their respective years, are yet still to be organized as they may have been nominated in earlier years. ==== 1976–1979 ==== ==== 1980–1989 ==== ==== 1990–1999 ==== == Statistics == With the annual revelation of nominated writers for the Nobel Prize in Literature, interesting facts are eventually uncovered between 1901 and 1975 such as the following: Number of nominations: --- Highest nominations in a year: 205 nominations were made in 1973. Highest nominations for a nominee: Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal received 92 nominations in 1956. Number of nominees: 881 Most new nominees: 30 new writers were recommended in 1969. Highest number of nominates in a year: 114 writers were nominated in 1975. Literary societies: The Pali Text Society was nominated in 1916 and remains the only society. Number of women: 89 Most women nominees in a year: 13 women were nominated in 1975. Oldest male nominee: At age 99, Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal was nominated in 1968. Oldest female nominee: At age 92, Estonian poet Marie Under was nominated in 1975. Youngest male nominee: At age 29, Icelandic writer Gunnar Gunnarsson was nominated in 1918. Youngest female nominee: At age 31, Finnish writer Sally Salminen was nominated in 1937. == See also == List of Nobel laureates in Literature List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize == Motivations == == References ==