The Chevrolet Lumina is a mid-size car that was produced and marketed by Chevrolet from the 1990 to 2001 model years. Serving as the combined successor for both the Chevrolet Celebrity and Chevrolet Monte Carlo, the Lumina was sold as both a two-door coupe and a four-door sedan. Serving as the largest front-wheel drive Chevrolet, the model line was slotted below the Caprice Classic in the Chevrolet line. For the first time, Chevrolet did not produce a mid-size station wagon, with Chevrolet instead marketing the Chevrolet Lumina APV minivan (sharing only its name with the mid-size cars). The Lumina coupe (in reconfigured form) served as the Chevrolet entry in stock-car racing, with the Lumina Z34 replacing the previous Monte Carlo SS. The final model released of the GM10 platform (today, GM W platform), the Lumina shares design commonality with the Buick Regal, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, and Pontiac Grand Prix, introduced as part of the transition of its divisional counterparts to front-wheel drive. During its two generations of production, the Chevrolet Lumina was assembled by GM Canada in its Oshawa Car Assembly facility (Oshawa, Ontario). For 2000, Chevrolet revived the Chevrolet Impala nameplate for a redesigned W-body sedan, with fleet sales of the Lumina ending after the 2001 model year. Outside of North America (primarily the Middle East and South Africa), the Chevrolet Lumina nameplate was used from 1998 to 2013 on rebranded versions of the Holden Commodore; a Lumina coupe was derived from the Holden Monaro from 2003 to 2006. Chevrolet Philippines marketed the Lumina from 2005 to 2006, using a rebranded version of the SAIC-GM-produced Buick Regal. == First generation (1990) == The North American Chevrolet Lumina was based on the mid-size GM10 platform, which was shared with the Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, and Buick Regal. Although the Lumina became a popular seller, GM was widely criticized in the motoring press for being late to the game in introducing a direct aero-designed competitor to the Ford Taurus. The "Lumina" name was considered by Ford in the pre-production stage of the Taurus. Both body styles were available in base and sporty Euro trim, which was a successor to the Celebrity Eurosport. Airbags were not yet available at the time of introduction so seat belts were installed in the front doors as "passive restraints". These belts were connected to the upper and lower portions of the front doors, and could remain latched while allowing front passengers the ability to enter and exit the vehicle without removing them. This technically satisfied US Government regulations concerning passive occupant safety requirements. GM was criticized for the lack of airbags in Lumina, by 1993 the Ford Taurus, Honda Accord and Toyota Camry all came equipped with at least one front airbag. The coupe and sedan were installed with MacPherson front struts, while the rear suspension used Chapman struts and a transverse-mounted fiberglass leaf spring, borrowing an approach used from the Chevrolet Corvette (C4) rear suspension. The Chevrolet Lumina's first generation ended production in August 1994, making this the shortest-produced generation of the first-generation GM10 cars. === Lumina Z34 === Starting in 1990, Chevrolet offered a high-performance version of the Lumina, the Lumina Z34. It came standard with the FE3 sport suspension package, the 210 hp (157 kW; 213 PS) LQ1 V6 engine shared with the Lumina Euro 3.4 (sedan), the 5-speed Getrag 284 manual transmission, dual exhaust, and 4-wheel anti-lock brakes. The Z34 also featured cosmetic changes to go along with the performance enhancements such as unique front and rear fascias, side skirts, a rear spoiler, a louvered hood, a unique steering wheel, and sport bucket seats, and an optional Bose stereo system. Performance figures included a 0-60 mph (0–97 km/h) time of 7.1 seconds, a 1/4 mile (~400 m) time of 15.5 seconds, a (limited) top speed of 113 mph, and a lateral acceleration of 0.79 g (7.7 m/s²). The optional Hydramatic 4T60-E automatic transmission lowered the horsepower rating to 200 hp (149 kW; 203 PS) and 0-60 times by .5 seconds. The only paint colors available for the Z34 were white, red, black, gray, silver, and Maui Blue (added in 1993). In 1995, the Lumina Z34 was replaced with the Chevrolet Monte Carlo Z34. === Engines === 1990–1992: 2.5 L (151 cu in) Iron Duke I4 1993: 2.2 L (134 cu in) 122 I4 1990–1994: 3.1 L (191 cu in) LHO V6 1991–1994: 3.4 L (207 cu in) LQ1 V6 === Production === == Second generation (1995) == General Motors began the development of an updated Lumina in 1989, under chief engineer Norm Sholler, planned for a late 1992 launch. By 1991, a final body design was approved. Development eventually took longer than planned, delaying the launch by 18 months. The redesigned Lumina was unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show in January 1994 as a 1995 model. The 1995 Lumina received a rounded body, increasing its size, as well as an updated interior. Unlike its other W platform counterparts, the Lumina retained the first-generation chassis. Replacing the Lumina two-door coupe was the resurrected Monte Carlo. The LH0 V6 was dropped in favor of the L82 V6, known as the 3100 SFI; the latter engine produced 20 more horsepower from the same displacement due to a revised intake manifold and cylinder heads. Initial trim levels consisted of base and LS; the latter replacing the "Euro" trim. Options included an electric sunroof, leather bucket seats, power windows, a power driver seat, and an AM/FM stereo with a CD player. This Lumina was available with police (code 9C3) and taxi packages, because the Chevrolet Caprice was discontinued after the 1996 model year. Production began on Monte Carlo coupes in February 1994 and March 7, 1994 for Lumina sedans at GM's Oshawa manufacturing plant, for a June 6, 1994 market launch for the 1995 model. The LTZ trim was introduced in 1996 for the 1997 model year because the Impala SS and Caprice were discontinued. Standard features included 16" brushed aluminum wheels, blackwall radial sport tires, sport tuned suspension, a 3.1 L V6 rated at 160 hp (119 kW) and 185 lb⋅ft (251 N⋅m) or an optional 3.4 L V6 rated at 215 hp (160 kW) and 220 lb⋅ft (298 N⋅m) of torque, a rear spoiler, restyled front and rear body clips (resembling the Monte Carlo Z34), a tachometer, and a floor-mounted shifter. For 1998, the 3.4 L V6 was replaced by the 3800 Series II which produced 200 hp (149 kW) and 225 lb⋅ft (305 N⋅m) of torque. Despite its increased torque, the 3.8 L LTZ demonstrated slightly worse performance due to its lowered horsepower, with 0-60 mph (0–97 km/h) times of 7.5 seconds (as opposed to 7.2 seconds for the LQ1) and 1/4 mile (~400 m) times of 15.7 seconds (as opposed to 15.5 seconds for the LQ1). The car has a computer-limited top speed of 107 mph (172 km/h) and the rev limiter kicks in at 5,800 rpm for the 3.8 L (rev limiter is at 7,000 rpm for the 3.4 L LQ1). Also in 1997, the 1998 model year Luminas received second generation airbags. The front-wheel-drive Chevrolet Impala was introduced as a replacement for the Lumina in 2000, although GM produced 2001 model year Luminas to be exclusively sold for rental fleets. Retail sales of the Lumina ended in Canada in 1999, with the United States following a year later. Fleet production ended on April 26, 2001. In some Asian countries, the Lumina continued as a rebadged Buick Century/Regal. === Trim levels === Throughout its life cycle, the second generation Lumina was available in three trim levels: Base (1995–2001): The most popular Lumina had a standard front row bench seat with seating for six passengers, power locks, tilt steering wheel, dual airbags, and air conditioning. Base models were equipped with fifteen-inch steel wheels with wheel covers. LS (1995–1999): The mid-level trim models included aluminum wheels, optional dual-zone temperature controls, power windows (optional on Base), tachometer, higher-end stereo with GM's Delcolock, anti-lock brakes, remote keyless entry system, upgraded seats, and an optional 3.4 L DOHC engine (1995-1996). LTZ (1997–1999): The top-of-the-line Lumina included alloy wheels, a choice of the 3.1 L V6 engine, 3.4 L DOHC engine (1997), and the 3.8 L V6 engine (1998-1999), power driver seat, dual-zone climate control and leather with the option for deluxe cloth. A center console was standard on LTZ (optional on LS). Exterior differentiation included the front end, trunk lid, and taillights from the fifth generation Chevrolet Monte Carlo. === Engines === 1995–1999 3.1 L (191 cu in) L82 V6 1995–1997 3.4 L (207 cu in) LQ1 DOHC V6 1998–1999 3.8 L (231 cu in) L36 V6 2000–2001 3.1 L (191 cu in) LG8 V6 === Production === == Motorsport == === NASCAR === While production of the Lumina commenced in January of 1989, the sedan formally launched in the Chevrolet showrooms in May of that year with the coupe following later. NASCAR rules at the time mandated that a car must be available to the public, so the Lumina coupe debuted in NASCAR at Talladega in May of 1989. It replaced the rear-wheel drive G-Body Monte Carlo. Drivers were wary of the new model, believing that the older car was better for superspeedways, but that it could give them an advantage on short-tracks. However the Lumina won two of the three next races, allaying many fears that the new body style would be uncompetitive. The model was so successful that the Lumina helped Chevrolet win the manufacturers championship (reflecting the most successful car of the season) consecutively from 1989 through 1991, and again in 1993. At this stage of NASCAR, little translated from the production car to the race car, with the exception front and rear bumpers and minor sheet metal. The rest of the car was based around a tube-frame and was known as the Generation 3 car, although the Lumina nameplate spanned into the Generation 4 era as well. T